hallikainen.com Recent FCC Rule Changes

Each section of the FCC rules has a regulatory history at the end of the text in the form of a list of citations to the Federal Register. In addition, rules not yet effective but published in the Federal Register are typically printed at the beginning of the text of a section. The table below sorts these citations by date (volume and page number) with the most recent first along with the month and year of publication and the cited rule section along with the title of the rule part and the title of the rule section. Consulting this table, it is easy to see recent rule changes of interest.

Federal Register	Date	Revised Rule	Rule Title
85 FR 57783	September 2020	52.111	Numbering Toll free number assignment.
85 FR 56534	September 2020	64.1200	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Delivery restrictions.
85 FR 53246	August 2020	9.10	911 Requireements 911 Service.
85 FR 52489	August 2020	64.611	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Internet-based TRS registration.
85 FR 52453	August 2020	97.207	Amateur radio service Space station.
85 FR 52453	August 2020	25.282	Satellite communications Orbit raising maneuvers.
85 FR 52453	August 2020	25.271	Satellite communications Control of transmitting stations.
85 FR 52452	August 2020	25.123	Satellite communications Applications for streamlined small spacecraft authorization.
85 FR 52452	August 2020	25.122	Satellite communications Applications for streamlined small space station
85 FR 52451	August 2020	25.121	Satellite communications License term and renewals.
85 FR 52450	August 2020	25.114	Satellite communications Applications for space station authorizations.
85 FR 52449	August 2020	5.64	Experimental radio service (other than broadcast) Special provisions for satellite systems.
85 FR 51367	August 2020	76.970	Multichannel video and cable television service Commercial leased access rates.
85 FR 51358	August 2020	1.30004	Practice and procedure Notice of tower construction or modification near AM
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7010	Practice and procedure Authority to update the Digital Opportunity Data Collection.
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7009	Practice and procedure Enforcement.
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7008	Practice and procedure Creation of broadband internet access service coverage maps.
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7007	Practice and procedure Establishing the Fabric.
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7006	Practice and procedure Data verification.
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7005	Practice and procedure Disclosure of data in the Fabric and Digital Opportunity Data
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7004	Practice and procedure Scope, content, and frequency of Digital Opportunity Data
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7001	Practice and procedure Scope and content of filed reports.
85 FR 50907	August 2020	1.7000	Practice and procedure Purpose.
85 FR 44787	July 2020	25.228	Satellite communications Operating and coordination requirements for earth stations in
85 FR 44787	July 2020	25.218	Satellite communications Off-axis EIRP density envelopes for FSS earth stations
85 FR 44787	July 2020	25.209	Satellite communications Earth station antenna performance standards.
85 FR 44786	July 2020	25.103	Satellite communications Definitions.
85 FR 44217	July 2020	76.64	Multichannel video and cable television service Retransmission consent.
85 FR 43735	July 2020	25.217	Satellite communications Default service rules.
85 FR 43735	July 2020	25.165	Satellite communications Surety bonds.
85 FR 43735	July 2020	25.159	Satellite communications Limits on pending applications and unbuilt satellite systems.
85 FR 43735	July 2020	25.157	Satellite communications Consideration of applications for NGSO-like satellite
85 FR 43735	July 2020	25.156	Satellite communications Consideration of applications.
85 FR 43735	July 2020	25.137	Satellite communications Requests for U.S. market access through non-U.S.-licensed
85 FR 43734	July 2020	25.123	Satellite communications Applications for streamlined small spacecraft authorization.
85 FR 43734	July 2020	25.122	Satellite communications Applications for streamlined small space station
85 FR 43733	July 2020	25.121	Satellite communications License term and renewals.
85 FR 43733	July 2020	25.117	Satellite communications Modification of station license.
85 FR 43733	July 2020	25.114	Satellite communications Applications for space station authorizations.
85 FR 43733	July 2020	25.113	Satellite communications Station construction, deployment approval, and operation of
85 FR 43733	July 2020	25.112	Satellite communications Dismissal and return of applications.
85 FR 43733	July 2020	25.103	Satellite communications Definitions.
85 FR 43733	July 2020	1.1107	Practice and procedure Schedule of charges for applications and other filings for
85 FR 43492	July 2020	74.782	Experimental radio, auxiliary, special broadcast and other program distributional services Low power television and TV translator simulcasting during
85 FR 43492	July 2020	73.6029	Radio broadcast services Class A television simulcasting during the ATSC 3.0 (Next
85 FR 43492	July 2020	73.3801	Radio broadcast services Full power television simulcasting during the ATSC 3.0 (Next
85 FR 43141	July 2020	90.672	Private land mobile radio services Unacceptable interference to non-cellular 800 MHz licensees
85 FR 43139	July 2020	90.616	Private land mobile radio services 896-897.5/935-936.5 MHz and 900.5-901/939.5-940 MHz
85 FR 43139	July 2020	90.613	Private land mobile radio services Frequencies available.
85 FR 43139	July 2020	90.603	Private land mobile radio services Eligibility.
85 FR 43139	July 2020	90.601	Private land mobile radio services Scope.
85 FR 43139	July 2020	90.213	Private land mobile radio services Frequency stability.
85 FR 43139	July 2020	90.213	Private land mobile radio services Frequency stability.
85 FR 43139	July 2020	90.210	Private land mobile radio services Emission masks.
85 FR 43138	July 2020	90.209	Private land mobile radio services Bandwidth limitations.
85 FR 43138	July 2020	90.205	Private land mobile radio services Power and antenna height limits.
85 FR 43134	July 2020	27.1424	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Agreements between 3.7 GHz Service licensees and C-Band
85 FR 43134	July 2020	27.12	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Eligibility.
85 FR 43134	July 2020	27.1	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Basis and purpose.
85 FR 43134	July 2020	20.12	Commercial mobile radio services Resale and roaming.
85 FR 43129	July 2020	2.106	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Table of Frequency Allocations.
85 FR 43129	July 2020	1.907	Practice and procedure Definitions.
85 FR 43129	July 2020	1.9005	Practice and procedure Included services.
85 FR 41930	July 2020	54.410	Universal service Subscriber eligibility determination and certification.
85 FR 41930	July 2020	54.404	Universal service The National Lifeline Accountability Database.
85 FR 41929	July 2020	1.907	Practice and procedure Definitions.
85 FR 41417	July 2020	90.617	Private land mobile radio services Frequencies in the 809.750-824/854.750-869 MHz, and
85 FR 39075	June 2020	1.4	Practice and procedure Computation of time.
85 FR 38740	June 2020	95.2309	Personal radio services WMTS frequency coordination.
85 FR 38740	June 2020	27.1321	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Requirements for operation of base and fixed stations in the
85 FR 38740	June 2020	18.301	Industrial, scientific, and medical equipment Operating frequencies.
85 FR 38740	June 2020	15.510	Radio frequency devices Technical requirements for through-wall imaging systems.
85 FR 38739	June 2020	2.1093	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable
85 FR 38739	June 2020	2.1091	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: mobile devices.
85 FR 38739	June 2020	2.107	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radio astronomy station notification.
85 FR 38633	June 2020	2.106	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Table of Frequency Allocations.
85 FR 38633	June 2020	2.106	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Table of Frequency Allocations.
85 FR 38633	June 2020	2.105	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations United States Table of Frequency Allocations.
85 FR 38633	June 2020	2.104	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations International Table of Frequency Allocations.
85 FR 38633	June 2020	2.102	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Assignment of frequencies.
85 FR 38632	June 2020	2.101	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Frequency and wavelength bands.
85 FR 38632	June 2020	2.100	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations International regulations in force.
85 FR 38333	June 2020	1.80	Practice and procedure Forfeiture proceedings.
85 FR 38091	June 2020	90.676	Private land mobile radio services Transition administrator for reconfiguration of the
85 FR 36801	June 2020	76.65	Multichannel video and cable television service Good faith and exclusive retransmission consent complaints.
85 FR 36797	June 2020	73.3594	Radio broadcast services Local public notice of designation for hearing.
85 FR 36794	June 2020	73.801	Radio broadcast services Broadcast regulations applicable to LPFM stations.
85 FR 36794	June 2020	73.3580	Radio broadcast services Local public notice of filing of broadcast applications.
85 FR 36794	June 2020	73.3573	Radio broadcast services Processing FM broadcast station applications.
85 FR 36794	June 2020	73.3571	Radio broadcast services Processing of AM broadcast station applications.
85 FR 36794	June 2020	73.3527	Radio broadcast services Online public inspection file of noncommercial educational
85 FR 36794	June 2020	73.3526	Radio broadcast services Online public inspection file of commercial stations.
85 FR 36794	June 2020	73.3525	Radio broadcast services Agreements for removing application conflicts.
85 FR 35574	June 2020	74.1283	Experimental radio, auxiliary, special broadcast and other program distributional services Station identification.
85 FR 35574	June 2020	74.1263	Experimental radio, auxiliary, special broadcast and other program distributional services Time of operation.
85 FR 35574	June 2020	74.1201	Experimental radio, auxiliary, special broadcast and other program distributional services Definitions.
85 FR 35574	June 2020	73.871	Radio broadcast services Amendment of LPFM broadcast station applications.
85 FR 35574	June 2020	73.870	Radio broadcast services Processing of LPFM broadcast station applications.
85 FR 35573	June 2020	73.860	Radio broadcast services Cross-ownership.
85 FR 35573	June 2020	73.850	Radio broadcast services Operating schedule.
85 FR 35573	June 2020	73.825	Radio broadcast services Protection to reception of TV channel 6.
85 FR 35573	June 2020	73.816	Radio broadcast services Antennas.
85 FR 35573	June 2020	73.810	Radio broadcast services Third adjacent channel interference.
85 FR 35573	June 2020	73.807	Radio broadcast services Minimum distance separation between stations.
85 FR 35573	June 2020	73.512	Radio broadcast services Special procedures applicable to Class D noncommercial
85 FR 35572	June 2020	11.52	Emergency Alert System (EAS) EAS code and Attention Signal Monitoring requirements.
85 FR 35209	June 2020	51.914	Interconnection Additional provisions applicable to Access Stimulation
85 FR 34527	June 2020	54.1009	Universal service Annual reports.
85 FR 34527	June 2020	0.331	Commission organization Authority delegated.
85 FR 34527	June 2020	0.271	Commission organization Authority delegated.
85 FR 34526	June 2020	0.21	Commission organization Functions of the Office.
85 FR 34526	June 2020	0.131	Commission organization Functions of the Bureau.
85 FR 33578	June 2020	2.1093	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable
85 FR 33578	June 2020	2.1093	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable
85 FR 33578	June 2020	2.1091	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: mobile devices.
85 FR 33578	June 2020	2.1091	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: mobile devices.
85 FR 33578	June 2020	1.1307	Practice and procedure Actions that may have a significant environmental effect, for
85 FR 33578	June 2020	1.1307	Practice and procedure Actions that may have a significant environmental effect, for
85 FR 31411	May 2020	15.407	Radio frequency devices General technical requirements.
85 FR 31410	May 2020	15.403	Radio frequency devices Definitions.
85 FR 31410	May 2020	15.401	Radio frequency devices Scope.
85 FR 31410	May 2020	0.241	Commission organization Authority delegated.
85 FR 30634	May 2020	11.61	Emergency Alert System (EAS) Tests of EAS procedures.
85 FR 27313	May 2020	64.606	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Internet-based TRS provider and TRS program certification.
85 FR 27313	May 2020	64.604	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Mandatory minimum standards.
85 FR 27312	May 2020	64.601	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Definitions and provisions of general applicability.
85 FR 26858	May 2020	64.615	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers TRS User Registration Database and administrator.
85 FR 26858	May 2020	64.611	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Internet-based TRS registration.
85 FR 22890	April 2020	101.803	Fixed microwave services Frequencies.
85 FR 22889	April 2020	101.3	Fixed microwave services Definitions.
85 FR 22889	April 2020	101.101	Fixed microwave services Frequency availability.
85 FR 22882	April 2020	27.75	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Basic interoperability requirement.
85 FR 22882	April 2020	27.57	Miscellaneous wireless communications services International coordination.
85 FR 22882	April 2020	27.55	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Power strength limits.
85 FR 22882	April 2020	27.1321	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Requirements for operation of base and fixed stations in the
85 FR 22881	April 2020	27.11	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Initial authorization.
85 FR 22865	April 2020	27.9	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Operation of certificated signal boosters.
85 FR 22864	April 2020	27.1	Miscellaneous wireless communications services Basis and purpose.
85 FR 22864	April 2020	25.147	Satellite communications Space Stations in the 3.7-4.2 GHz band.
85 FR 22864	April 2020	25.138	Satellite communications Earth Stations in the 3.7-4.2 GHz band.
85 FR 22864	April 2020	25.109	Satellite communications Cross-reference.
85 FR 22864	April 2020	25.103	Satellite communications Definitions.
85 FR 22861	April 2020	1.907	Practice and procedure Definitions.
85 FR 22861	April 2020	1.9005	Practice and procedure Included services.
85 FR 22651	April 2020	76.64	Multichannel video and cable television service Retransmission consent.
85 FR 22043	April 2020	64.6219	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Whistleblower protections.
85 FR 22029	April 2020	1.80	Practice and procedure Forfeiture proceedings.
85 FR 21798	April 2020	64.1203	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers —Consortium registration process.
85 FR 21788	April 2020	0.111	Commission organization Functions of the Bureau.
85 FR 21078	April 2020	76.1700	Multichannel video and cable television service Records to be maintained by cable system operators.
85 FR 21078	April 2020	73.3615	Radio broadcast services Ownership reports.
85 FR 21078	April 2020	73.3527	Radio broadcast services Online public inspection file of noncommercial educational
85 FR 21078	April 2020	73.3526	Radio broadcast services Online public inspection file of commercial stations.
85 FR 21078	April 2020	73.1943	Radio broadcast services Political file.
85 FR 18151	April 2020	97.13	Amateur radio service Restrictions on station location.
85 FR 18151	April 2020	95.2585	Personal radio services MedRadio RF exposure evaluation.
85 FR 18151	April 2020	95.2385	Personal radio services WMTS RF exposure evaluation.
85 FR 18151	April 2020	90.223	Private land mobile radio services RF exposure.
85 FR 18151	April 2020	73.404	Radio broadcast services Interim hybrid IBOC DAB operation.
85 FR 18151	April 2020	27.52	Miscellaneous wireless communications services RF exposure.
85 FR 18151	April 2020	101.1425	Fixed microwave services RF exposure.
85 FR 18150	April 2020	25.271	Satellite communications Control of transmitting stations.
85 FR 18150	April 2020	25.149	Satellite communications Application requirements for ancillary terrestrial components
85 FR 18150	April 2020	25.129	Satellite communications Equipment authorization for portable earth-station
85 FR 18150	April 2020	25.117	Satellite communications Modification of station license.
85 FR 18150	April 2020	24.52	Personal communications services RF hazards.
85 FR 18150	April 2020	24.51	Personal communications services Equipment authorization.
85 FR 18150	April 2020	22.379	Public mobile services RF exposure.
85 FR 18150	April 2020	18.313	Industrial, scientific, and medical equipment Radio frequency exposure requirements.
85 FR 18149	April 2020	15.709	Radio frequency devices General technical requirements.
85 FR 18149	April 2020	15.407	Radio frequency devices General technical requirements.
85 FR 18149	April 2020	15.319	Radio frequency devices General technical requirements.
85 FR 18149	April 2020	15.257	Radio frequency devices Operation within the band 92-95 GHz.
85 FR 18149	April 2020	15.255	Radio frequency devices Operation within the band 57-71 GHz.
85 FR 18149	April 2020	15.247	Radio frequency devices Operation within the bands 902-928 MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz, and
85 FR 18149	April 2020	15.212	Radio frequency devices Modular transmitters.
85 FR 18147	April 2020	2.1093	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable
85 FR 18147	April 2020	2.1093	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable
85 FR 18146	April 2020	2.1091	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: mobile devices.
85 FR 18146	April 2020	2.1091	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: mobile devices.
85 FR 18146	April 2020	2.1033	Frequency allocations and radio treaty matters; general rules and regulations Application for certification.
85 FR 18146	April 2020	1.4000	Practice and procedure Restrictions impairing reception of television broadcast
85 FR 18145	April 2020	1.1310	Practice and procedure Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits.
85 FR 18142	April 2020	1.1307	Practice and procedure Actions that may have a significant environmental effect, for
85 FR 18142	April 2020	1.1307	Practice and procedure Actions that may have a significant environmental effect, for
85 FR 17285	March 2020	63.53	Extension of lines, new lines, and discontinuance, reduction, outage and impairment of service by common carriers; and grants of recognized private operating agency status Form.
85 FR 17285	March 2020	1.10015	Practice and procedure Are there exceptions for emergency filings?
85 FR 17285	March 2020	1.10011	Practice and procedure Who may sign applications?
85 FR 17285	March 2020	1.10010	Practice and procedure Do I need to send paper copies with my electronic
85 FR 17284	March 2020	1.1107	Practice and procedure Schedule of charges for applications and other filings for
85 FR 17284	March 2020	1.10009	Practice and procedure What are the steps for electronic filing?
85 FR 17284	March 2020	1.10007	Practice and procedure What applications can I file electronically?
85 FR 17284	March 2020	1.10006	Practice and procedure Is electronic filing mandatory?
85 FR 17284	March 2020	1.10001	Practice and procedure Definitions.
85 FR 16006	March 2020	76.1617	Multichannel video and cable television service Initial must-carry notice.
85 FR 16006	March 2020	76.1609	Multichannel video and cable television service Non-duplication and syndicated exclusivity.
85 FR 16006	March 2020	76.1608	Multichannel video and cable television service System technical integration requiring uniform election of
85 FR 16006	March 2020	76.1607	Multichannel video and cable television service Principal headend.
85 FR 16005	March 2020	76.66	Multichannel video and cable television service Satellite broadcast signal carriage.
85 FR 16005	March 2020	76.64	Multichannel video and cable television service Retransmission consent.
85 FR 16005	March 2020	76.1600	Multichannel video and cable television service Electronic delivery of notices.
85 FR 16004	March 2020	76.54	Multichannel video and cable television service Significantly viewed signals; method to be followed for
85 FR 16004	March 2020	74.779	Experimental radio, auxiliary, special broadcast and other program distributional services Electronic delivery of notices to LPTV stations.
85 FR 15740	March 2020	4.15	Disruptions to Communications (effective January 3, 2005 - See 69 FR 70338 Submarine cable outage reporting.
85 FR 13798	March 2020	54.806	Universal service Rural Digital Opportunity Fund reporting obligations,
85 FR 13798	March 2020	54.725	Universal service Universal service disbursements during pendency of a request
85 FR 13798	March 2020	54.316	Universal service Broadband deployment reporting and certification requirements
85 FR 13798	March 2020	54.316	Universal service Broadband deployment reporting and certification requirements
85 FR 13797	March 2020	54.313	Universal service Annual reporting requirements for high-cost recipients.
85 FR 13797	March 2020	54.312	Universal service Connect America Fund for Price Cap Territories—Phase I.
85 FR 13797	March 2020	54.310	Universal service Connect America Fund for Price Cap Territories—Phase II.
85 FR 9390	February 2020	64.601	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Definitions and provisions of general applicability.
85 FR 7891	February 2020	73.7005	Radio broadcast services Holding period.
85 FR 7891	February 2020	73.7003	Radio broadcast services Point system selection procedures.
85 FR 7891	February 2020	73.7002	Radio broadcast services Fair distribution of service on reserved band FM channels.
85 FR 7890	February 2020	73.3598	Radio broadcast services Period of construction.
85 FR 7890	February 2020	73.3573	Radio broadcast services Processing FM broadcast station applications.
85 FR 7889	February 2020	73.872	Radio broadcast services Selection procedure for mutually exclusive LPFM applications.
85 FR 7889	February 2020	73.871	Radio broadcast services Amendment of LPFM broadcast station applications.
85 FR 7889	February 2020	73.865	Radio broadcast services Assignment and transfer of LPFM licenses.
85 FR 7889	February 2020	73.854	Radio broadcast services Unlicensed radio operations.
85 FR 7889	February 2020	73.3572	Radio broadcast services Processing of TV broadcast, Class A TV broadcast, low power
85 FR 5164	January 2020	73.3555	Radio broadcast services Multiple ownership.
85 FR 2675	January 2020	9.10	911 Requireements 911 Service.
85 FR 2318	January 2020	1.80	Practice and procedure Forfeiture proceedings.
85 FR 1284	January 2020	27.1204	Miscellaneous wireless communications services EBS Tribal priority filing window.
85 FR 1127	January 2020	64.601	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Definitions and provisions of general applicability.
85 FR 838	January 2020	43.01	Reports of communication common carriers and certain affiliates Applicability.
85 FR 838	January 2020	20.15	Commercial mobile radio services Requirements under Title II of the Communications Act.
85 FR 838	January 2020	1.7001	Practice and procedure Scope and content of filed reports.
85 FR 249	January 2020	54.9	Universal service Prohibition on use of funds.
84 FR 71329	November 2019	54.420	Universal service Low income program audits.
84 FR 71329	November 2019	54.410	Universal service Subscriber eligibility determination and certification.
84 FR 71328	November 2019	54.410	Universal service Subscriber eligibility determination and certification.
84 FR 71328	November 2019	54.407	Universal service Reimbursement for offering Lifeline.
84 FR 71328	November 2019	54.406	Universal service Activities of representatives of eligible telecommunications
84 FR 71327	November 2019	54.404	Universal service The National Lifeline Accountability Database.
84 FR 71327	November 2019	54.404	Universal service The National Lifeline Accountability Database.
84 FR 71327	November 2019	54.321	Universal service Reporting and certification requirements for Alaska Plan
84 FR 71327	November 2019	54.205	Universal service Relinquishment of universal service.
84 FR 71327	November 2019	54.202	Universal service Additional requirements for Commission designation of
84 FR 71327	November 2019	54.201	Universal service Definition of eligible telecommunications carriers,
84 FR 70037	November 2019	54.513	Universal service Resale and transfer of services.
84 FR 70037	November 2019	54.513	Universal service Resale and transfer of services.
84 FR 70036	November 2019	54.502	Universal service Eligible services.
84 FR 70036	November 2019	54.502	Universal service Eligible services.
84 FR 70036	November 2019	54.502	Universal service Eligible services.
84 FR 67235	November 2019	54.320	Universal service Compliance and recordkeeping for the high-cost program.
84 FR 66779	November 2019	64.603	Miscellaneous rules relating to common carriers Provision of services.